Ans. Examples of common corrosive chemicals include:
1. Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄)
2. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
3. Nitric Acid (HNO₃)
4. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
5. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)
Ans. 1. Obtain prior approval from your teacher
2. Always use the smallest quantity of chemicals
3. Always conduct experiments in a fume hood
4. Remove all other chemicals and apparatus around you
5. Inform other people working with you
Ans. When chemical reactions are not properly performed, they may cause fires, explosions, or evolve dangerous gases. These reactions can result in extreme damage to life and property.
Ans. 1. Stay inside as walls and ceilings can protect you from radiation fallout
2. Never operate equipment that produces radiation without sufficient training
Ans. Chemical asphyxiants that can cause suffocation or unconsciousness include hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, argon, helium, methane, and carbon dioxide.
Ans. Signs and symbols indicate specific precautions that must be observed according to the hazards present. They alert individuals to potential dangers and remind them to take extra care to maintain safety in those areas.
Ans. 1. Stay calm and do not panic
2. Alert people in the area to evacuate
3. In case of fire, close doors to confine fire and use fire extinguishers
4. Call and assist emergency staff
Ans. Emergency drills prepare students to handle laboratory emergencies effectively. They provide practical experience in using safety equipment and emergency procedures, ensuring everyone knows how to respond calmly and correctly during actual emergencies.
Ans. 1. Immediately switch off the main power supply
2. Alert everyone by yelling 'Fire!'
3. Call emergency services
4. Evacuate the laboratory if fire spreads
5. Use a fire extinguisher only if trained and safe to do so
6. Do not re-enter until declared safe by authorities
Ans. 1. Reactions involving volatile chemicals that release harmful vapors or gases
2. Reactions with toxic or hazardous substances
3. Work with strong acids or bases that produce harmful splashes and vapors
4. Highly exothermic reactions that could produce fumes or gases
Ans. 1. Conduct regular safety training sessions covering chemical handling, safety equipment use, and emergency procedures
2. Ensure all chemicals are properly labeled with hazard information and stored according to compatibility guidelines
Ans. Radiation Hazard: Trefoil symbol with three blades radiating from a central point
Asphyxiant Chemical: Toxic gases asphyxiation symbol on a yellow triangle sign
Ans. 1. Shock can provide enough energy to break chemical bonds, leading to rapid reactions that release energy explosively
2. Shock can cause rapid temperature or pressure changes in closed containers, exceeding their limits and resulting in explosion
Ans. To ensure safety and know the location of equipment, fittings, and emergency exits.
Ans. Waft the fumes or vapors toward your nose instead of directly inhaling.
Ans. To avoid contamination and accidental ingestion of hazardous chemicals.
Ans. Dispose of it in the sewer or trash bin if it is non-hazardous.
Ans. Acids and bases should first be neutralized before disposal.
Ans. Follow standard procedures, use appropriate safety equipment, and be aware of specific hazards and precautions.
Ans. Cleaning agents, disinfectants, solvents, compressed gas cylinders, and mineral acids.
Ans. Be alert, follow safety precautions, and avoid the hazard indicated.
Ans. No, you should not wear contact lenses in the lab because:
- Chemical exposure can trap chemicals behind lenses causing severe eye damage
- Contacts make eye rinsing difficult in emergencies
- Lab environments can cause more irritation when wearing contacts
Ans. Picric acid, benzoyl peroxide, and nitrocellulose are examples of explosive chemicals.
Ans. Avoid heat sources and open flames when handling flammable chemicals.
Ans. 1. Risk of explosion from electrical components that can produce sparks
2. Vapor accumulation in confined spaces creating explosive environments
3. Lack of ventilation in standard refrigerators
Ans. Always add acid slowly to water, not water to acid.
Ans. Wear splash goggles, a face shield, gloves, and a lab coat.
Ans. Examples include mercury, benzene, chlorine, and ammonia.
Ans. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
Ans. 1. Heat or fire exposure
2. Friction or impact
3. Pressure build-up in sealed containers
4. Static electricity sparks
Ans. Examples include picric acid, 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine, benzoyl peroxide, and nitrocellulose.
Ans. Sodium, calcium hydride, and azides are examples of reactive chemicals.
Ans. Shield radioactive materials, avoid prolonged exposure, and wear protective clothing.
Ans. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and methane are examples of asphyxiant gases.
Ans. Remove the person from the area, wash exposed parts, and seek medical help immediately.
Ans. 1. Corrosive chemicals attack living tissues on contact
2. They can be solids, liquids, or gases that attack skin, eyes, respiratory tract, and intestines
3. Require special protective equipment like splash goggles and face shields
Ans. A toxic chemical is a poisonous material capable of causing serious health problems. Example: Mercury, benzene, chlorine, pesticides, ammonia, or hydrogen cyanide.
Ans. 1. Wear gloves, masks, or other protective devices
2. Keep the work area well ventilated
3. Keep toxic chemicals in their original containers
Ans. 1. Store and use in well-ventilated areas
2. Wear full protective equipment including lab coat, glasses, gloves, long trousers, and closed-toed shoes
3. Dispose of waste according to instructions
4. Wash exposed areas and seek medical attention if exposed
Ans. High doses of radiation can damage tissue and organ function, causing vomiting, radiation burns, hair loss, and radiation syndrome. Alpha and beta particles cause extreme damage when inhaled or injected, while gamma rays cause external injuries.
Ans. To alert individuals about hazards and ensure they follow safety precautions.
Ans. Be alert, take extra care, and follow the required safety measures.
Ans. They help prevent accidents and ensure the safety of everyone in the lab.
Ans. They indicate specific precautions that must be observed when handling the chemical.
Ans. To avoid dangerous situations and protect individuals and the surrounding area.
Ans. Hazard symbols alert us to the presence of hazardous chemicals. They help indicate that chemicals might cause harm to people or the environment.
Ans. The 'Caution' sign indicates potential hazards that are not immediately life-threatening but could cause injury or damage if not handled properly. Examples include slippery floors, hot surfaces, or minor chemical risks.
Ans. Personal Protective Equipment includes items made available to students to reduce exposure to hazardous chemicals and face emergencies. Examples include lab coats, protective glasses, face shields, aprons, boots, and hearing protection.
Ans. PPE reduces exposure to hazardous chemicals and provides protection during emergencies.
Ans. Fire extinguishers can be quickly used to control small fires when applied properly by individuals in chemical laboratories where materials are likely to catch fire during experiments.
Ans. Students should know their location and how to use them to control small fires.
Ans. They prepare students to handle emergencies calmly and effectively.
Ans. Emergency drills should be compulsory with periodic participation to ensure all students are practically prepared to handle emergency situations, not just theoretically informed.
Ans. Follow safety procedures, stay calm, and alert emergency staff.
Ans. Firefighting equipment and emergency showers should be checked for proper working order.
