Alkali metals have only one electron in their outermost shell. They tend to lose this electron easily to achieve a stable noble gas configuration. This makes them highly reactive, especially with wate and oxygen, where they form strong bases and release hydrogen gas.
Alkali metals react rapidly with air and moisture, forming oxides and hydroxides. This reaction can sometimes be explosive. To prevent accidental reactions and keep them stable, these metals are stored under oil, which acts as a barrier from air and water.
When alkali metals come into contact with water, they react vigorously to form a hydrasideda and hydrogen. For example, sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydrode and release hydrogen gas. The reaction becomes more violent as we go down the group, due to the increasing reactivity of the metals.
The melting points of alkali metals decrease as we move down the group. This is because the metalic size. As the aforis grow. This is because the between the positive ions and the delocalized electrons weakens
Alkali metals have free-moving valence electrons that flow easily under an electric field. These delocalized electrons enable the efficient transfer of electricity, making alkali metals excellent An conductors, which is a characteristic of all metals.
Halogens are highly reactive non-metals that readily combine with metals to form ionic salts For example, chlorine reacts with sodium to form sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt. The term Thalogen" itself means "salt-former" in Greek.
Reactivity decreases as we move down Group 17. This is because the atomic radius increases, and the outer electrons are further from the nucleus. As a result, the ability of the atom to attract electrons (electron affinity) weakens, reducing their reactivity.
At room temperature, halogens exist in different states. Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid. This variation is due to the increasing strength of intermolecular forces as the atomic size of the halogen increases.
Halogens have seven electrons in their outer shell, needing one more to achieve stability. To fulfill this requirement, two halogen atoms share one electron each, forming a covalent bond and a stable diatomic molecule like F2, Cl2, or Brz.
Halogens are highly reactive and release volatile compounds that can interact with the moisture In our noses, creating a sharp and pungent smell. For instance, chlorine gas has a distinct bleach-like odor, while bromine and iodine also emit strong smells
Transition metals can donate and accept electrons due to their variable oxidation states, making them ideal for speeding up chemical reactions. They also provide a surface where reactants can adsorb and react more effectively, reducing the activation energy of the reaction.
Transition elements have partially filled d-orbitals, which allow them to exhibit properties like Variable oxidation states and the ability to form colored compounds. These properties arise from the movement of electrons within the d-orbitals during chemical reactions.
The d-orbitals in transition metals split into different energy levels in the presence of ligands. When light passes through these compounds, certain wavelengths are absorbed to excite electruns, and the remaining light gives the compound its colour.
Transition metals have a dense structure with free-moving electrons that allow them to efficiently transfer, heat and electricity. These delocalized electrons are responsible for their excellen
Mercüry is the only transition metal that is liquida due to weak metallic bonding. a solid structure as its at room temperature. Its unique behavions stoms hold their outer electrons tightly, reducing the ability to lo conductivity and metallic properties.
Mobye ga noble ve a full outer shell of electrons, making them stable and non-reactive under Anal Noble gaseshoe they do not need to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve stability they Ans. rarely form chemical bonds.
What is the use of heliurand non-flammable, making it an ideal gas for filling balloons. It h to use than hydrogen, as it does not ignite, even in the presence of sparks or flames
When electricity passes through neon gas in a sealed tube, it emits a bright red-orange glow This property makes it ideal for use in brightly colored advertising signs, especially for creating illuminated displays at night.
Noble gases exist as monoatomic molecules with weak van der Waals forces between them. These weak intermolecular forces require very little energy to overcome, resulting in extremely low boiling points compared to other substances.
Noble gases are located in Group 18, also known as Group 0, of the periodic table. This group includes elements like helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. They are characterized by ther stability and inertness.
Metals are malleable because their atoms are arranged in layers that can slide over each other when force is applied. The strong metallic bonds between atoms prevent them from breaking apart. allowing the metal to be hammered into thin sheets.
Ductility is the ability of metals to be stretched into thin wires. This property is due to the flexibility of metallic bonds, which allow atoms to maintain their bonds even when pulled into elongates shapes.
Metals have free electrons that can move through the metallic lattice when an electric fields applied. These mobile electrons enable the efficient transfer of electrical current, making metals excellent conductors.
Metals have strong metallic bonds formed by a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons. A large amount of energy is needed to break these bonds, resulting in high melting points.
