Atom are smallest units of matter that retain properties of an element. They consist of a nucleus surrounded by electron.
The nucleus is the dense center of an atom containing protons (positive charged) and neutrons neutral particles)
protons and neautron are located in the nucleus at the center atom, where they make up most of the atom mass .Elective are found in orbits surrounding the nueauleus moving in specific energy levels or shell.
The atomic number is the number of protons is she nucleus of an atomic and it’s uniquely identifies an element and this defines chemical properties.
electrons are arranged in specific energy levels or shell around the nucleus. They fill the lowest energy level first, with the first shell holding up to 2 electrons, the seconds up to 8, and the third shall up to 18. This arrangement follows the determines the atom chemical behavior.
J.J Thomson discovered the electron in 1887 using a cathode ray tube experiments. He observed were made of negatively charged particles which he called electrons.
Earnest Rutherford discovered the proton in 1911 disinterring. He found that the g his experiments on the alpha particle scattering .He found that the atoms nucleus contains positively charged particles , later named protons.
James Chadwick neutron in 1932 by bombarding beryllium atoms with alpha particles. He absorbed neutral particles being emitted which he called neutron.
An electron has a negative charge, a proton a positive charge, and neautron has no charger tougher these particles determine the properties of an atom.
The discovery of neutrons was importance because it explained the missing atomic mass and helped understand unclear stability. Neutrons also play a key role in clear reactions and fission. Shell and Sub- shell.
Shell are energy levels or orbits around the nucleus where electrons are presents. They are labeled as k,L,M,N, or represented by number 1,2,3,4each shell has a specific energy level and hold a certain number of electrons
Sub- shell are subdivisions of shell that describe the parts of electrons within an atom. They are designed as, s, p, d, and of based on their and energy levels .Sub- shell help explain the arrangement of electrons in a a shell.
The maximum number of electrons a shell can hold is determined by the formula where nnn is the shell number for example , the k- shell (n=1) can 2 electrons the and the shell L-shell (n=2) can hold up to 8 electrons.
Sub- shells within a shell are arranged in increasing energy order :s,p,d, and f. The s- sub-shell is 10,and can hold 14 electrons .This arranged follows the princuples machines , sub as the pauli exclusion principle.
Each sub- shell has a specific capacity: the sub – shell can hold 2 electrons, p can hold d can hold 10, and f can 14 electrons. This arrangement follow the principles of quantum machines, such as the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
Isotopes are different forms of the same element, meaning they have the same number of protons but differ in the number neutrons. This results in different atomic masses for each isotopes of the elements.
Isotopes are identifies by their mass umber, which is the total number protons and neutrons in the nucleus. For example carbon-12 and carbon-14 are two isotopes of carbon, with different mass number due to the differing number of neutrons.
The mass of carbon 12 is exactly 12 atomic mass units (am). It is as the standard for determining atomic masses of all elements where 1 am defined as one twelfth mass of a carbon- 12atom.
Isotopes of the same element behave in a similar way chemically because have they have the same number of protons and electrons. Since chemical behavior is determined by electron configuration, isotopes share similar reactivity despite their different masses.
Some isotopes are stable, meaning they do not undergo radioactive. For, example carbon – 12 is stable, whereas other isotopes like carbon 14 are unstable undo radioactive decay. This decay process is used dating materials, such as ancient human remains.
Radioactive isotopes are several of elements that have atomic nuclei. These nuclei release radiation as they decay transformation into stable form .this process can involve, beta or gamma radiation.
In medicine tradition isotopes are used for diagnostic imaging, such as in PET scans and for treatment like tradiotherapy. They can help in locating tumors, monitoring organ function, a dand even killing cancerous cells by targeting affected Ares.
Carbon -14 used radiocarbon dating to determine the age of ancient human remains artifacts and other organism materials .It helps scientific understands the timing of historical events and the age of fossils.
Iodine -131 is commonly used to diagnose and treat thyroid conditions, such as hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer .It is absorbed by the thyroid gland, where it can either images the grand or destroy cancerous cells.
While radioactive isotopes can be harmful in high doses in controlled environments and prescribed amounts, they are used safely in medical treatment. However overexposure can causes issue damage and increase the risk of cancer.
the relative atomic mass of an element is the weighted average mass of the atomic in a simple of the elements compared to the mass of a carbon -12 atom, which is set as exactly 12. This value takes into account different isotopes of the elements and their abundance.
The relative atomic mass is calculated by averaging the masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an elements. This average is weight according to the proportion of each isotopes in a sample. For example, if one isotopes is more abundant than another, it will have a greater influence on the average atomic mass.
Car 12 is used as the reference for relative atomic mass because it is stable abundant its nature and its atomic masses is exactly 12. This makes it a convenient and universal accepted standard for comparing the atomic masses of all masses of all other elements.
the relative atomic mass influences how elements like carbon hydrogen nitrogen and oxygen interact
The relative atomic mass of hydrogen is approximately 1.008. This is because hydrogen naturally occurs as a mixture of isotopes, mainly hydrogen and a small amount of hydrogen which contains one neutron. The average atomic mass reflects this mixture.
