Solid, liquid and gascous states. These states are due to attractive forces that between the atoms and molecules. existi
The main reason for the existence of different state of matter due to attractive forces that exists between the atoms and molecules.
An external force applied on object can change its size or shape. Such a force is known as deforming force. For example, an appropriate force applied to a spring can increase its length called extension or cause compression thus reducing its length. If the force is removed, the spring will restore its original size and shape.
An object is said to be elastic, if after removal of the deforming force, it restores to its original size and shape. This property of the material is known as elasticity.
Some materials such as clay dough or plasticine do not return to their original shape after the removal of the deforming force. They are known as inelastic materials.
Deformation of solid refers to the change in shap or size of solid object when an external force is applied to it.
If force F is applied on a spring to stretch or compress it, the extension compression 'x' has been found directly proportional to the deforming or applies force with in the elastic limit. Focx or F=Kx
According to Hooke's law: Where 'k' is constant of proportionality and is known as spring constant. It is t measure of stiffness of the spring.
Its unit is Newton per meter (Nm).
A graph of fire against extension is a straight line passing through the origin. If the applied force or load exceeds the elastic limit of the spring it is permanently deformed and its graph will no longer remains linear. The gradient or slope of force-extension graph is a measure of spring constant k.
Spring scales, balance wheels, and galvanometer etc.
Spring scales use the extension or compression of a spring to determine the weight of objects. In a common spring balance the extension or elongation produced is a measure of the weight.
Galvanometer is a current detecting device. It makes use of a tiny spring called hair spring which provides electrical connections to the galvanometer coil and also restores the pointer back to zero position. The deflection of the pointer is proportional to the current flowing through it within the range.
Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume. Density = mass Volume The SI unit of density is kg m³. Other unit also in use is g cm-3.
Density of a substance can be determined by measuring its mass and volume. The mass can be easily measured by a physical balance.
The density of water is 1000kgm-3.
Density is directly proportional to mass, i.e, as mass increases density also increase.
The density or uning material is essential for estimating the strength required in foundations and supporting pillars.
Define: Pressure is defined I as the force exerted normally on unit area of an object. Example: Chopper: Pressure in the edge of the blade of a chopper is made very sharp. When we apply force on the handle of the chopper to cut an object, the pressure on the object, at the contact surface, due to its small area becomes very high and the object is easily cut (Fig. 6.7).
Forinth: PFA, The SI unit of pressure is Nm-2 and also is called pascal (Pa).
The pressure at a depth of 10m in water approximately 98100Pa.
Sports boots for football and hockey have studs on their soles. They reduce the area Sports her between your feet and the ground. This increases the pressure and your feet grip the surface more firmly.
The Earth is surrounded by a layer of air which we call atmosphere.
The atmosphere exerts pressure on the surface of Earth and on everything on the Earth. This pressure is called atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure is commonly measured in pascal (Pa), atmosphere (atm), and millibar (mb).
Atmospheric pressure is caused by the weight of air molecule in Earth atmosphere.
Atmospheric pressure is measured by using a barometer.
Warm air is less dense and tends to rise and tends to rise, leading to lower pressure, while cooler air is dense and resulting in high pressure.
The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1.013 × 105 Pa.
Low pressure is associate with stormy or rainy weather while high pressure is usually linked with fair and clear weather.
An exerting were pressure decrease as atitude surease because there is less air above weight.
A manometer is used to measure the pressure of gases or liquids
A U-tube manometer work by measuring the difference in fluid level in a U-shaped tube, which reflects the pressure difference between two points
The unit used are pascal (Pa), millibar of mercury (mmHg) and inches of mercury (inHg).
Mercury is used in manometers because it has a high density and a low vapour pressure, making it ideal for measuring small pressure difference accurately.
When pressure is applied at one point in an enclosed fluid, it is transmitted equally to all parts of liquid without loss.
When a motorbike tyre is inflated, air pressure is applied at one point but the tyre is uniformly inflated from all sides. This indicates that pressure is transmitted to each part of the tyre.
The pressure at the earth's centre is 2 x 1011 Pa.
P=F/A where P is pressure, F is force and A is area.
Hydraulic brakes of vehicles is an application of pascal's law.
Yes, pascal's law requires a closed system for the pressure to transmit equally.
A hydraulic press is a machine that uses hydraulic force to compress material.
It is work by applying pressure to a fluid, which transmits the force to a larger piston, magnifying the force.
Pascal's law is applied in hydraulic press.
It is used for metal forming, such as forging and stamping.
the that use hydraulic fluid to transmit force from Infin brake levasta trakes pads creating braking action.
Pascal's law explain the working of hydraulic brakes.
Brake fluid, which is typically a type of hydraulic fluid such as DOT fluid or mineral oil.
Yes, hydraulic brakes are commonly used in high performance bicycles providing better stopping power and control.
When material reaches its elastic limit. It begins to deform permanently.
The stiffness of a material or spring.
It help design materials and structures that can absorb stress and deform elastically during earthquake.
Because their weight is greater than the buoyant force exerted by the fluid.
Oil float on water because oil has a lower density than water.
The principle of a manometer is based on balancing the pressure of a gas or liquid with height of a column of liquid.
The boiling point increase with increase pressure. This is why water boil at higher temperature in a pressure cooker than at sea level.
Dam walls are thicker at the bottom to with stand the greater pressure exerted by the water at lower depth.
It is about "10" times greater than Earth atmospheric pressure at sea level.
Yes, pascal's law applied to fluids including both liquids and gas in close system.
It amplifies a small input force into a much larger output force using fluid pressure.
Air in the system can cause brake failure or reduced braking performance, as air is compressible which prevents the full force from being transmitted.
